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These include Charles Darwin, Paul Ekman and William James. There have been three main influential psychologists that have helped shape the evolution of emotion. Many psychologists and theorists have offered many ideas and theories concerning how and why people experience emotion. The study of the evolution of emotions dates back to the 19th century. When it comes to theories of emotion, there is no shortage. Finally, the Facial Mimicry Hypothesis states that observers tend to show emotional facial expressions that are consistent with the expressions shown by the sender (Sato et al, 2013). While, the Mirror Neuron System refers to a group of neurons that mimics the facial expressions, attitudes and talking tones of those around us (Rizzolatti, 2004). Facial Feedback Hypothesis refers to the idea that ones facial expressions can affect emotional experience (Buck, 1980). However, three concepts that provide leading evidence for emotional contagion are Facial Feedback Hypothesis, the Mirror Neuron System and the Facial Mimicry Hypothesis. There are many theories that help explain emotional contagion. It is said that although people don’t generally act identical to those around them, emotions and moods of surrounding people can rub off on us. So what is Emotional Contagion? According to Schoenwolf (1990) Emotional Contagion is a process which a person or group influences the emotions of another person or group through the conscious or unconscious induction of emotional states. These technologies use cameras embedded in laptops, tablets, and mobile phones or standalone webcams mounted to computer screens to capture videos of respondents as they are exposed to content of various categories.Ĭompanies like EyeSee can use inexpensive webcams that eliminates the requirement for specialized high-class devices, making automatic expression coding ideally suited to capture face videos in a wide variety of naturalistic environmental settings such as respondents’ homes, workplace, car, public transportation, and many more.Ever wondered why you appear to be happier around happy people and annoyed around annoyed people? A concept that explains this is called Emotional Contagion. Therefore, it is possible to track tiny movements of facial muscles in the individual’s face and translate them into universal facial expressions that convey happiness, surprise, sadness, anger and others.Īutomatic facial expression recognition procedures are built on groundbreaking research and made available to the general public. The computer algorithm for facial coding extracts the main features of face (mouth, eyebrows etc.) and analyzes movement, shape and texture composition of these regions to identify facial action units. Ekman and Friesen identified 46 different units to describe each facial movement.
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Each component of facial movement is called an action unit (AU) and all facial expressions can be broken down to action units.
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FACS is a tool for classification of all facial expressions that humans can make. In 1978, Ekman and Friesen updated Facial Action Coding System (FACS), originally developed by a Swedish anatomist Carl-Herman Hjortsjö. Ekman’s work indicated existence of 7 basic emotions that are universally present: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust, sadness and neutral. His research showed that Darwin was right and that facial expressions and emotions are universal as people from diverse cultural background interpreted expressions in photos in similar way. In 1960s, American psychologist Paul Ekman set out to visit people from different nations (including an isolated indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea) to study non-verbal behavior across cultures. According to Darwin, facial expressions are inborn (not learned) and common to humans and animals (some human characteristics, like clenching teeth in anger or tears in eyes when sad, have animal origin).ĭespite Darwin’s theory, the prevailing belief in 1950 was that facial expressions were determined by cultural background and learning process. He compared numerous images of humans and animals in different emotional states and suggested that some basic emotions, like anger, fear and sadness, are universal and present across ethnicities, cultures and even species. In 1872, Charles Darwin published “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”.